Infection control
Infection:
Is entering a disease-causing
microbe inside the human body.
Hospital infection:
Is infection arising from any individual, whether a patient or AC, or
one of the hospital staff.
Ways of transmission:
infection transmitted either the acquisition of infection or through mixing with others or from the patient himself.
Cross
infection العدوى بالاختلاط:-
It is the transmission of infection
from one patient to another through direct contact with them EX: patient has
inflammation or abscess Next to another patient or a patient underwent surgery
or through the hospital staff of doctors or nursing workers and what they carry
microorganisms in their hands or clothes where they are transported to patients
during care Nursing or procedure detection, laboratory tests, or through
sneezing, coughing, shaking hands or kissing.
Acquired infection العدوى
المكتسبة:-
It is the transmission of microbes
for patients from the environment itself by scattering dust - furnishings or
use Machinery
is not clean or contaminated by giving drugs such as solution and so on.
Autonomic infection العدوى الذاتية:-
It is infection microbes transmitted
inside the human body from one member to another through the proliferation of
microbes in his body and on the surface of the patient's skin
Or in the ring or in one of multiple organ and the most powerful example of
this open wounds after operations or Abscess appears as a result of the
scratcher.
The most important components of the Department of infection or the
so-called chain of infection and how parts: -
1- Causative factor: It will either be bacteria or parasites, viruses or
fungi and can cut this circuit through fast and accurate identification of the
causative agent of contamination and eliminate it.
2- RESERVOIR: it is an environment in which these objects converge,
and may be human warehouse for some microbes, such as hepatitis, tuberculosis and
other, as well as animal and water and air are considered a repository of
microbes, and can cut this circle by attention to the health of the individual
and clean environment surrounding disinfection and sterilization continued.
3- out from
reservoir: an exiting way of
these microorganisms from the warehouse and usually have more than one exit,
such as respiratory or intestinal tract or urinary or genital or through
openings skin as a result of wounds and can cut this circle by hand washing,
and control waste and garbage , cleaner skin and appearance.
4- VEHICLE of
TRANSMISSION: it is a means which
move microbes from the exit to the new gateway direct contact is the most important ,
Injection, oral, insects, food and air, and this circle can be cut through the
insulation, and eating healthy food free from microbes, air pathways control,
hand washing and sterilization.
5- PORTAL OF ENTRY: it is a gate to enter a new host microbes usually
not like exit of through the various organs of the body (Breathing - skin
mucous membranes) and here must follow sterilization methods and wound care and personal care.
6- Breadwinner
exhibition of injury: A warehouse or the new host who
accepts the existence of these objects included.
Such
as people who suffer from weak with the immune system and the presence of
surgery and heart and lung disease and here can cut the circle by treating the
causes and identify the disease and Exposed to injury.
Factors that help the spread of infection: -
1- Increase the number of patients and
the presence of friction between carriers and between vulnerable such (Newborns
- the elderly - diabetics - malnourished patients - a disease surgery - burns
and intensive care - treating patients with antibiotics and who spend a long
time in hospital).
2- Increase the number of employees
and visitors.
3- Length of treatment with
antibiotics.
4- Not fit the architectural designs and efficiency of health facilities such as the lack of water satisfactory in the rooms of patients and dust.
5- Failure to follow the procedures
for ensuring the quality of services provided to patients.
6- The presence of residues and
contaminated waste and failure to follow the rules governing the disposal of
waste in the right way.
7- Contamination of machinery and
tools and failure to follow proper foundations sterilization.
8- Increased movement of patients
within the hospital.
9- The use of certain medications
that weaken the body's immune (after marrow transplant).
10- Lack of sufficient awareness of the health team about the infection and
how to transition and the ways and methods of control.
11- Lack of performance monitoring of infection control officials.
Symptoms and signs of infection: -
1- High body temperature.
2- Increase in white blood cells
from normal.
3- Increase the number of heart
beats.
4- Difficulty in breathing.
5- Chills the body.
6- Pain during urination - a change
in the color of your urine (urinary tract infections).
7- Redness and swelling and pain in
the wound.
8- Secretions purulent of the wound,
from the vagina or uterus or Sididip cells and microbes appear in the urine.
Global measures to control the infection:
1. Wash hands before and after
handling sick and when you take a sample.
2. Deal with any blood sample to any
patient as a contaminated sample.
3. The need to wear gloves when
handling blood or any other means outside of the body.
4. Taking care not to cover the
needle after use and disposal of syringes age in the Special Fund so after
graduating from the patient's body directly.
5. Wear protective eye for Eye protection from pollution blood droplets or any liquid that comes out of hymen body
6. Wear gown and underneath a
plastic bib to protect clothing to Avoid blood droplets or any other means
outside of the body.
7. Dealing with any linen and furniture or any liquid blood outside of the human body as contaminated.
8. Taken the necessary precautions
when sampling with laboratory contaminated with the mind.
9. Wear a mask when dealing with
patients with thoracic diseases.
10. Development of recovery tools and its presence in nearby with patients
and that could occur to them or complications risk.
Ways to prevent infection: -
To take into account the prevention of infection should be noted some points
that prevent the transmission of these microorganisms from one patient to
another, or from workers to patients
or through the machinery, tools and equipment used and the main following in mind:
1. Maintenance of
hand washing:
It
is considered one of the most effective measures to be taken to prevent
infection acquired in the hospital, where to be taken into consideration has
washed in the following cases:
- Between touching the patient or its aftermath and another patient or
visitor to the health facility.
- Before starting any process resulting input device or substance to the
patient's body.
- Before you start in the care of a patient intensive care department or
a patient suffering from weak immune system.
- Before starting the food preparation or transfer the patient's food or
feed.
- After each procedure may result in (or potentially) contaminated with
the blood or bacteria.
- After removing gloves.
- Wash your hands be necessary when there is no doubt in hand hygiene.
- Wash basins must be available in all places of the health
facility and all the closets that are dealing with the patient or medical
residue.
- Must be hand wash basin dedicated to this work only and not for other
things and close to the soap and cleaning fluids and towels.
- To prevent contamination of the hands of bathtubs in some sensitive
sections is preferable to use water taps that are powered by the wrist and
foot.
- The need to dry your hands after
washing by single-use towels or by dry air drying machines.
2. Taking into
account the global measures to reduce the transmission of infection:
As already explained.
3. Into account to
maintain the integrity of machinery, tools and equipment through:
·
Disinfection and sterilization in different ways.
·
Ensure that all machinery and tools in the right place with the full to
make sure they are clean before use.
4. Follow a proper
insulation.
5. Into account to
maintain a work environment in his routine and organization.
Basic rules for disinfection and sterilization: -
Nurse
and other health team members play an important role of protecting the patient
from infection, which leads to delaying recovery disability or injury or
illness. So cleaning and disinfection and sterilization of the most important
activities to be observed by nurse to prevent pollution and to protect the
patient and prevent his illness and complications.
- Cleaning: An essential and important to prevent the occurrence
of pollution which is the elimination of the appropriate domain and necessary
for the proliferation of microbes.
- Disinfection: it is killing of microbes except microbes encapsulated or reduces the
negative impact of the delay in healing the patient or his illness or
complications.
- Sterilization: is to kill all kinds of microbes encapsulated
others non-encapsulated.
- Deposition:
- It is a way to take to prevent the spread of infectious microbe from a
sick person to another well.
- Here, we must use the biting important things to deal
with this kind of patients like wearing apron and apron are worn once and
re-washed and sterilized again and here you must put a box bibs and masks
outside the isolation room.
- So can be worn before entering the room patient, taking into account
the closure of the provisions apron ligaments while confusion and make sure
coverage for clothing and due to lack of exposure to pollution and when you
take off the apron must decipher ligaments carefully and takes them off.
- Taking into account the lack of hands touching the inner surface of the
apron with her heart to be contaminated outer face cabbage the inside and put
it in a bag dedicated to furniture and clothing that is use of patient care or
inside the isolation room.
- And the closure of this bag tightly and place it in a clean bag last
leap to Laundry carrier without displays of pollution.
- Should also wear gloves when dealing with this patient and used only
once and wear it immediately after use.
- Must wear a mask when providing nursing care for the patient to protect
him from infection, where he works on the nomination catcher air inside and
outside Book microbes and when wearing it has to be taken into consideration to
cover the nose and mouth with the back of the neck association and used once.
- Also has to be wearing a headscarf and boot lid and which are used only
once.
Different ways of sterilization: -
First: we have to know the preparation
machinery and tools for sterilization:
1. Screening machines and tools daily and the
exclusion of the damaged ones.
2. Washing machines and tools
thoroughly with soap and water with the removal of blood, fat and rinse
thoroughly before sterilization.
3. Open peat and scissors when
sterilization.
4. Excluding sheets and towels,
which have holes and unclean.
5. Packaging cans after
sterilization cleaned and dried bags with a card on sterilization and the
contents of the box.
6. Sort the contents of the cans
without sterilization intense pressure to give the opportunity to water vapor
permeation and disinfect inside stuff.
7. Into account the use of the
proper methods for the sterilization of different types of machines and tools
with follow the principles and rules.
Secondly: the
different ways of sterilization:
1. Thermal way:
A. AUTOCLAVE:
- machines is Placed open directly after use in a chlorine solution by (:
9) so that they are immersed for a period not exceeding 30 minutes in a metal
bowl because chlorine leads to erosion of nickel, iron, metals, negotiable
oxidants by brush and a good cleaning machines.
- Rinsed after cleaning equipment in cold water and then placed in a
clean container and drying.
- It warped the in special paper sterilization and write the type of
machinery and intended use and sterilization date and expiration date of
sterilization.
- Sterilize instruments for 30 minutes under the pressure of 15-17 psi
and temperature 121-123 m and regulating machines so that punctuated steam to
ensure dry quickly.
- And it shall be so arranged to be heavy machinery in bottom autoclave
and lighter at the surface.
- Open lid autoclave after completing a leaking steam sterilization and
give a chance to dry lap because humidity permit the growth of bacteria and
viruses from the surrounding environment.
- Advantages of this method: it eliminate all microbes encapsulated and
non-encapsulated and steam permeates folds all tissues, cotton and rubber and
plastic without destroyed.
- Disadvantages of this method: inaccuracies in controlling the amount of
steam and is not suitable for the sterilization of oil or grease.
B. Dry heat:
· It the heat generated inside the oven is appropriate for electrical
tools that withstand temperatures up to 170 m, such as metal materials and
glassware.
· Here Toolbar and raise degrees to 170 m free and lasts for hours. We
must not open the oven door during the sterilization cycle and if you open the
door calculates time again from the beginning of the closure of the door.
· Advantages of this method: a home oven can be used electrophoresis -
can be pasteurized by powder - oils or cutting machines - eliminate all
viruses.
· Disadvantages of this method: You need to source circuit - can not be
used in the sterilization of instruments made of plastic or rubber - can not be
used in the sterilization of gauze and cotton cloth.
C. Seething: Is one of the cheapest and easiest ways to sterilize
instruments after adding factor sodium bicarbonate and placed the machines in
the boiler so that they are entirely submerged in water with added factor
alkaline and count the period of boiling from a another piece of machinery in
the water and calculates the time 30 minutes after the start boiling then add 5
minutes to be sure. And Movement of machinery on a dry tray using dried sterile
handling and cover.
2- Chemical method:
A. Gas formalin:
Suitable
for sterilizes machines to tolerate high temperature such, as renal devices ascites and rubber stuff, tools, machinery anesthesia.
B. Alsadquis: Used for the sterilization of endoscopes and in terms of concentration and duration of immersion in the solution must follow the manufacturer instructions, which are often written on the packaging.
C. Chlorine: disinfectant solution
for personal and the tools used by patients or contaminated with secretion ,
among clinical examination, work benches, docks, restrooms and be the focus of
(2-8).
Basic rules for sterilization:
1. If touching the surface of a
sterile non-sterile surface is considered sterile.
2. You should avoid any liquid
poured sterile rooftops because microbes proliferate in the presence of wet
areas.
3. When suspicion of sterilization
or disinfection anything should be considered as non-sterile.
4. All tools must be developed
continuously sterile on the roofs of high ground.
5. You should not speak or cough or
sneeze over the sterile areas until sprayer not to contaminate until the areas
and thus lose sterilized.
6. You should not give your back to
the sterile area so you can see the tools and the sterile field itself and
protect it from anything.
7. Must be sterilization or
disinfection as possible before the need to use sterile stuff directly.
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